Learn fundamentals commands for the Command Line.
Learn how to efficiently use the command line. Here, we'll look at how to set up your command line interface whether you're coming from a OS X, Windows or Linux platform.
Introduction to the Shell.
Learn how commands are formed before entering them into the command line.
Learning what a file system is, and navigating through with cd.
Learn how to navigate the file system using the cd (change directory) command.
Learn how to list the hidden contents of a file system with ls.
Learn how to copy files on the command line.
Learn how to move and rename files on the command line.
How to make and delete files and directories with mkdir, touch and rm.
Learn Intermediate concepts of the Unix Command Line.
Work like a command like professional by learning the keyboard shortcuts on the command line.
How to ask the command line directly for help when you need it! We will go over man, apropos and the which commands.
Learn how to use the alias command to create shortcuts of multiple commands.
Learn how to read from and write to files using cat.This lesson will also go over appending.
Learn how to read files with less and more.
How to redirect standard error, input and output using the command line.
Learn how to use pipelining and some of the most powerful commands used with pipelining like wc, head, tail, grep, uniq, sort and tee.
Learn how you can use wildcards and globbing on the command line. Find out how to use the asterisk (*) and question mark (?) symbols to simplify tasks.
Learn about arithmetic, pathname and brace expansions.
Learn the difference between single and double quotes in the Shell.
Ever found yourself confused about soft and hard links on the unix command line? Learn the difference here, and how they can be useful.
Learn how to navigate and direct your shell history.
Learn about permissions in the UNIX and Linux environment.
Learn all about UNIX / Linux permissions and how to manipulate them to achieve security.
Learn the three types of file accession: read, write and execute.
Learn how to change read, write, and execute with chmod on the Linux Command Line.
Learn how to use umask to set default file permission settings.
Learn how to grant file access to other people with chown.
Learn how to switch users and run administrative tasks on the Linux command line with the sudo and su.
Learn all about your Linux shell environment - including variables, startup files and customization.
Learn the different types of shells including tcsh, csh, zsh and bash.
Learn about the shell and environment variables including how to use the printenv, env and set commands.
Learn the different startup files that run when bash starts up. We'll cover what /etc/profile, .bash_profile, .bash_rc, .bash_login and .profile are for.
Learn how to set up the various environment variables on the command line. We'll go over how to use the export and source commands and setting the PATH variable to persist.
Learn how to customize your prompt to suit your own preferences. We'll go over setting your $PS1 variable.
Learn how to use the linux search box right from the command line.
Learn how to display tasks, list jobs, and send signals to processes on the Unix Command Line.
Learn what a process is and how Unix organizes them.
Learn how to view processes with the ps command and its x option. Learn what PID, TT, STAT variables mean.
Learn how to dynamically view Unix processes with the top command. Also learn what load average, %us, %sy, %ni, %wa, mem and swap mean.
Learn how to send a process to the background, or bring it back to the foreground. Also learn about the jobs command.
Learn how to pause and stop processes with kill, along with how to use commands HUP, INT, QUIT, KILL, SEGV, TERM, CONT, STOP TSTP and WINCH to send signals to processes.
Learn how to manage linux process priorities with the nice and renice commands.
Learn how to archive files and folders for backup by using compression commands gzip, tar, bzip2, zless, and zcat in Unix.
Learn what compression is, how it works, and the two types of compressions - lossy and lossless.
Learn how to use gzip and gunzip, used for file compressions. Also learn helper commands zcat and zless.
Learn how to archive and bundle files and folders together with tar, unzip and zip.
Learn how to use the cpio utility to archive files.
Learn how to use POSIX regular expressions with grep via the Linux Command Line.
What are regular expressions (regex)? What is the linux command line's POSIX standard to regex?
Learn about literal characters and special (meta) characters. We'll have an overview look at both Basic Regular Expressions (BRE) and Extended Regular Expressions (ERE).
Learn how you can use Basic Regular Expressions to match single characters with a period, literal character, an escape key, or bracket expansion.
Learn how you can use bracket expressions to specify from a group of characters. Additionally, we'll go over portability issues, character classes, and non-English environments.
Learn how to match multiple characters with the wildcard symbol and braces.
Learn how you can reference an earlier character set with backreferences. Also learn about anchors, which are useful for specifying when some text should come at the beginning or end of a regular expression.
Learn additional features made available by extended regular expressions.
Learn the commands used to manipulate and edit text on the Unix Command Line. We will go over commands such as cat, sort, uniq, cut, paste, join, expand, unexpand, column, colrm, tr, cmp, comm, diff, patch, aspell and lookup.
Here, we'll take another look at cat and use this command to see non-printing characters. Additionally, we'll look at converting between UNIX and DOS file formats, viewing line numbers and suppressing blank lines.
Take a deeper look into the sort command, with its various ways of sorting and specifying fields. Learn the options used to sort multiple files at once, merging pre-sorted files, specifying delimiters, fields, subfields, and ignoring blank spaces.
After a quick sort, we can use the uniq command to find duplicates or unique items. We can also find the occurrence of each record.
Learn how to cut from columns, paste two segments together, and join relations with a common attribute.
Learn how to go from spaces to tabs and vice versa with the expand and unexpand commands.
Learn the commands essential for pretty printing. We'll go over the column command, which converts an input into a nice, columnated table, the colrm command, which removes any unwanted columns, and the fold command, which allows you to control how wide ea
Learn how to replace all characters from standard in with a single two-lettered command - tr.
Learn the various ways that you can compare text on the Linux Command Line. Use cmp and comm to compare and see differences, and use the patch command to update a text file.
Learn how to find changes between two files on the Unix Command Line with the diff command.
Learn how to update a file with a simple patch command.
Learn how to run a spell check on your text files, and look up works in a dictionary with the aspell and lookup commands.
Learn how to use cron to setup cron jobs on Ubuntu, or any other distro through our Linux tutorial.
Learn what the cron daemon is, practical applications of a cron job, and examples of cron tasks. Also learn how the crontab command works.
Learn the anatomy of a crontab - the variables declared up top, and the ways you can schedule specific commands to be triggered. Also learn how to configure and schedule each command.
Find out how to handle output - whether you want to email results to yourself or others, or if you want to trash the output. Also learn how to create a log file containing all outputs of your cronjobs.
Learn about Secure Shell Access (SSH), private and public keys, SCP, and all other topics related to the ssh command in our beginner's tutorial.
Introduction to SSH, how it's better than telnet and basic ssh commands.
Learn about SSH public and private keys, along with the most widely used key types - RSA and DSA. Also learn how to easily copy your public key to a host server with the ssh-copy-id command.
Learn how to use the SSH agent daemon and the ssh-add command to manage your SSH keys and passphrases.
Learn how to use the scp command to upload and download files from remote hosts.
Learn how to install and use tmux, a terminal multiplexer, in our beginner's guide tutorial.
Learn what the hype is about with tmux, and how to install it on OS X, Debian or RedHat systems.
Learn how to split windows into panes horizontally and vertically, along with other commands that will enable you to resize, rotate and close panes on tmux.
Learn how to attach and detach windows, along with creating, killing, and listing windows.
Learn how to create, manage and delete tmux sessions.
Learn how to customize tmux to your liking, and also find out how to install plugins!
Learn how you can use the Linux Command Line in practical day-to-day tasks
Ever wondered how you would execute common tasks via the Linux Command Line? In this tutorial, we'll show you how to cook a perfect medium-rare steak using a command line interface.
Learn how to use Unix Permissions to modify your parents' access rights to buy Pokémon Cards.
Extend your command line prowess by finding yourself a cute girl using the unix command line.
Learn about the history of Linux and how the collective efforts of Richard Stallman, Linus Torvalds and others were able to obtain freedom through the Linux Operating System.
When we create a file or directory, accession modes are applied by default. We can see and change these defaults with umask
.
To look at your current masking simply use the umask
command.
$ umask
0022
Since our umask is set to 0022
, and the default file mode is usually 666
, we have:
- rw- rw- rw-
- --- -1- -1-
- rw- r-- r--
Thus we see the canonical 644
file permission that we get when we create new files.
$ touch sampleFile.txt $ ls -l sampleFile.txt
-rw-r--r-- 1 JohnDoe staff 0 Mar 30 18:34 sampleFile.txt
To change umask, simply pass the octal value as an argument (include a 0 for the file mode).
$ umask 0777 $ touch sampleFile2.txt $ ls -l sampleFile2.txt
---------- 1 JohnDoe staff 0 Apr 01 18:34 sampleFile2.txt
Here, we would cannot do anything with our sampleFile2.txt because umask
suppressed all its accession modes.
Relieve spasms, tight muscles, trigger points and pressure points with the Body Back Buddy! This trigger point massage is designed to help you self-message any area of your body - especially those that are hard to reach. Keeping your muscles relaxes and out of contraction is importan in helping to reduce pain and prevent muscle injury.
$ Check priceLinux for Beginners doesn't make any assumptions about your background or knowledge of Linux. You need no prior knowledge to benefit from this book. You will be guided step by step using a logical and systematic approach. As new concepts, commands, or jargon are encountered they are explained in plain language, making it easy for anyone to understand.
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